德兴铜矿尾矿库植被重建后的土壤肥力状况和重金属污染初探

德兴铜矿是我国的超大型铜矿,尾矿砂的排放是其主要的环境问题之一,目前主要堆积于尾矿库中。1号尾矿库于1986年服役期满后共堆积矿砂2.15×107 m3,面积约210 hm2。20世纪90年代后期,在坝坡约30 hm2覆有客土的地区进行了一系列植被重建的试验研究工作,本文报道了1998年开始在旱稻(OryzaLinn.)、花生(Arachis Linn.)、香根草(Vetiveria zizanioidesNash)和湿地松(Pinuselliottii Engelm.)等18种不同植被组合条件下的土壤基本农化性状(pH、有机质(OM)、铵态氮、速效P、速效K)以及0.05 mol L-1 HCl可提取态重金属在3~4年时间内的变化情况,结果表明,坝坡土壤N、P、K严重不足,且保水、保肥能力弱,需要不断地进行培肥和改良。三年多来,土壤pH总体上无显著变化;OM第三年有显著上升,约为第一年的127%;NH4 N成直线下降,第二年和第三年分别为第一年的72.9%和43.0%;随着耕作实践的推移,速效P和速效K显著上升,但仍旧处于较低水平。重金属(主要是Cu)污染严重,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd在植物中有明显积累。研究结果强调了试验区在植被重建中不宜种植食用植物,以避免食物链的污染。     

防护林带和封育对沙化草场土壤理化性质的影响

 通过对河北省张家口市黄羊滩防护林带内封育草场和防护林带外未封育保护沙化草场的理化性质对比,分析封育和防护林带对沙化草场土壤理化性质影响。结果表明,封育和防护林带可以显著地改善沙化草场土壤机械组成,提高土壤养分含量,其中细沙、粗粉沙和物理黏粒的平均百分含量较未封育沙化草场分别增加了4.26%、10.20%和12.08%,有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的平均含量总体提高了203.65%。研究成果为采用植被建设措施改良沙化草场提供了科学依据。     

Variable-timing,fixed-rate application of cattle biogas effluent to rice using a leaf color chart: microcosm experiments in Vietnam

ABSTRACT

Livestock production plays a leading role in agricultural land-use change. Producing biogas from livestock waste and subsequently using the biogas effluent as fertilizer for crops is a promising option to solve environmental problems resulting from expanding livestock production. However, it is difficult to promptly and accurately measure the nitrogen (N) concentration of effluent for farmers in developing countries, making precise N management difficult. The objectives of the current study were (1) to evaluate the feasibility of variable-timing, fixed-rate application of cattle biogas effluent using a leaf color chart (LCC) for rice (Oryza sativa L.) and (2) to determine the optimum LCC threshold for grain yield. We conducted two microcosm experiments in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam in 2018 using eight treatments of N-fertilizer application. In the Zero treatment, we applied no N. In the Estd treatment, we split-applied N as effluent (E) at fixed rate and timing as the standard method. In E2.75, E3.00, E3.25, E3.50, and E3.75, we applied effluent whenever the LCC value went below 2.75, 3.00, 3.25, 3.50, and 3.75, respectively. In U3.25, we applied N as urea (U) whenever the LCC value fell below 3.25. The total effluent-N application rate ranged from 90 to 210 kg N ha^?1 season^?1. Rice growth was normal but there was a substantial yield gap between the two microcosm experiments due to the seasonal difference in solar radiation. Rice yield tended to increase with increasing LCC threshold. There was a positive linear relationship between LCC and chlorophyll content (SPAD) values (R ² = 0.73–0.79). Grain yield was well explained (R ² = 0.70–0.89) by the seasonal mean LCC or SPAD value. Plant total N uptake increased with increasing LCC threshold, but the three calculated indices of N use efficiency (NUE) – apparent N recovery, agronomic NUE, and internal NUE – were not always improved with a higher LCC threshold. Our results showed that the tested variable-timing, fixed-rate strategy for the application of cattle biogas effluent was feasible and the optimum LCC threshold for grain production was 3.75 under the current microcosm conditions.     

毛管逆滤渗污水净化反应器原理研究及室内试验验证

污水回用是解决城市缺水问题的一条有效途径。该文提出了一种新方法，尝试利用多孔介质毛细管作用过滤生活污水。制造了4个毛管逆滤渗污水净化器，采用普通河砂作为过滤介质进行了室内试验。试验采用两个因素：水势差、滤池内外径比。水势差选取4个水平：0.11、0.26、0.41、0.56 m，外层与内层水池直径比选取3个水平：14/6、12/6、10/6，以研究利用毛细管作用净化污水的可行性，并定量确定水势差及内外层水池的相对大小对该系统运行效果的影响。用反应器去除污水COD的多少来评价过滤效果。结果表明，过滤速度及净化效果与水势差之间呈极显著的对数相关关系，两者都随着水势差的增大而提高。当水势差为0.56 m时，COD的去除率可高达80%左右，过滤速度可以高达0.15 m/h。外层与内层水池的直径比(D/d)越大滤速越小,但该比值对COD的去除率无明显影响。该装置在运行过程中，污水被过滤介质所覆盖，有效地避免了污水的刺激性气味和蚊蝇孳生对周边环境的影响。     

土壤粘附规律的化学吸附分析

用以化学吸附为主的土壤粘附模型，对法向粘附、切向粘附和无水情况下的粘附规律以及界面压力、加压时间、温度变化等因素对粘附力的影响进行了分析，该粘附机理不仅能够很好地解释粘附规律，而且还能对已有粘附理论尚解释不清的粘附现象，如土壤机械组成、矿物质组成与粘附力的关系，粘附力与吸附阳离子的关系，ｐＨ值对粘附力的影响等作出解释。在此基础上，作者根据这一模型提出了改变触土部件表面材料组成、触土部件非光滑表面仿生改形和电渗减粘脱土的有效方法     

黑龙江省村镇建设发展战略的研究

本文从认识村镇建设现状和发展经济与建设的辩证关系入手,把城乡视为一个相互依存、彼此协调的经济、社会体系的思想来研究黑龙江省村镇建设发展战略。本文为黑龙江省的村镇建设(不论在总体布局、或具体目标等方面)指出了明确的发展方向。文章指出:到本世纪末,本省将初步建立起城乡协调发展的城、镇、村完整体系;乡村经济进一步向农工商综合发展;乡村剩余劳力将得到合理转移;乡村人口得到适度集中;村镇建设面貌大为改观;乡村城镇化程度将有明显的提高。     

界面粘附中非光滑表面基本特性的研究

某些非光滑表面比光滑表面更能减小运动阻力,这是有悖于传统认识的最新发现。本文从界面粘附角度提出了光滑与非光滑表面的基本概念,分析了非光滑表面的种类及其特性,阐述了非光滑表面仿生研究及其应用的现代发展,并展望了非光滑表面仿生降阻的前景。     

Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) integrins αvβ3 and αvβ6 as FMDV receptors: Molecular cloning, sequence analysis and comparison with other species

Integrins are heterodimeric adhesion receptors that participate in a variety of cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix protein interactions. Many integrins recognize RGD sequences displayed on extracellular matrix proteins and the exposed loops of viral capsid proteins. Four members of the αv integrin family of cellular receptors, αvβ3, αvβ6, αvβ1 and αvβ8, have been identified as receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in vitro, and integrins are believed to be the receptors used to target epithelial cells in the infected animals. To analyse the roles of the αv integrins from a susceptible species as viral receptors, we have cloned Bactrian camel αv, β3 and β6 integrin cDNAs and compared them to those of other species. The coding sequences for Bactrian camel integrin αv, β3 and β6 were found to be 3165, 2289 and 2367 nucleotides in length, encoding 1054, 762 and 788 amino acids, respectively. The Bactrian camel αv, β3 and β6 subunits share many structural features with homologues of other species, including the ligand binding domain and cysteine-rich region. Phylogenetic trees and similarity analyses showed the close relationships of integrin genes from Bactrian camels, pigs and cattle, which are each susceptible to FMDV infection, that were distinct from the orders Rodentia, Primates, Perissodactyla, Carnivora, Galliformes and Xenopus. We postulate that host tropism of FMDV may in part be related to the divergence in integrin subunits among different species.     

玉米皮中阿拉伯木聚糖碱提取工艺的研究

为提高玉米皮中阿拉伯木聚糖的得率．在考察温度、时间、碱液浓度和料液比4个单因素对阿拉伯木聚糖得率影响的基础上．采用正交试验对阿拉伯木聚糖的碱提工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明,在提取温度80℃、时间4h、NaOH浓度0．3mol／L、料液比1：30的条件下．阿拉伯木聚糖的得率达到最大值24．57％。     

丙酸钙对泌乳早期奶牛泌乳性能和代谢产物的影响

选用32头经产奶牛,根据泌乳期、上个泌乳期305 d产奶量和预产期,采用随机区组设计分为4组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理1、2、3组分别在基础日粮基础上添加丙酸钙100、200、300 g/d.结果显示,日粮添加丙酸钙对奶牛的采食量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳干物质率无显著影响,200、300 g/d组产奶量和饲料转化效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05).200、300 g/d组血浆葡萄糖和胰岛素浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而血浆游离脂肪酸和β-羟丁酸浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);200、300 g/d组尿酮浓度显著低于对照组和100 g/d组(P<0.05).试验结果表明,丙酸钙适宜添加量为200 g/d.